EFFECT OF LIGHT, TEMPERATURE AND SCARIFICATION ON THE GERMINATIVE CAPACITY AND INITIAL GROWTH OF Myroxylon balsamum (L.) HARMS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n218rcKeywords:
Germinative capacity. Plant quality. Physical dormancy.Abstract
Myroxylon balsamum is a valuable tropical tree; besides the good quality of its timber it also provides valuable nontimber forest products: balsam and resin. High deforestation rates in the area of distribution and the unregulated extraction of its resin and wood have led M. balsamum to be endangered or threatened. Its regeneration through seeds has been poorly studied, and there are no reports of germination and plasticity under controlled conditions. We evaluated the effect of scarification (longitudinal cut of the fruit and embryo fully exposed) and environmental factors (different levels of light intensities and changing temperatures) on seed germination and the development of seedlings. From the aforementioned, M. balsamum seeds are orthodox and show physical dormancy. In view of these characteristics, M. balsamum can be managed efficiently to initiate conservation programs and restoration in degraded land.Downloads
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References
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DA SILVA, T. D. et al. Potential of medicinal plants from the Brazilian semi-arid region (Caatinga) against Staphylococcus epidermidis planktonic and biofilm lifestyles. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Pretoria, v. 137, n. 1, p. 327-335, 2011.
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LAMBERS, H.; CHAPIN, F. S.; PONDS, T. L. Plant physiological ecology. 2. ed. New York: Springer Science + Business Media LLC.N.Y, 2008, 571 p.
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NEYA, O.; HOEKSTRA, F.; GOLIVINA, E. Mechanism of endocarp-imposed constraints of germination of Lannea microcarpa seeds. Seed Science Research, Cambridge, v. 18, n. 1, p. 13-24, 2008.
OSUNKOYA, O. et al. Influence of seed size and seedling ecological attributes on shade-tolerant of rain-forest tree species in Northern Queensland. Journal of Ecology, London, v. 82, n. 1, p. 149–163, 1994.
PENNINGTON, T.; SARUKHÁN, J. Árboles Tropicales de México: Manual para la Identificación de las Principales Especies. 3. ed. México: UNAM y Fondo De Cultura Económica, 2005. 523 p.
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POPMA, J.; BONGERS, F. The effect of canopy gaps on growth and morphology of seedlings of rain forest species. Oecology, Berlin, v. 75, n. 4, p. 625-632, 1988.
POPMA, J.; BONGERS, F.; WERGER, M. J. A. Gap-dependence and leaf characteristics of trees in a tropical lowland rain forest in Mexico. Oikos, Copenhagen, v. 63, n. 2, p. 207-214, 1992.
ROBLES, G. R.; OLIVEIRA, K.; VILLALOBOS, R. Evaluación de los productos forestales no madereros en América Central. Roma: FAO, 2000. 96 p.
ROCKWELL, C. et al. Future crop tree damage in a certified community forest in southwestern Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management, New South Wales, v. 242, n. 2-3, p. 108-118, 2007.
ROZENDAAL, D. M. A.; HURTADO, V. H.; POORTER, L. Plasticity in leaf traits of 38 tropical tree species in response to light; relationships with light demand and adult stature. Functional Ecology, London, v. 20, n. 2, p. 207-216, 2006.
SOUZA, R. P.; VÁLIO, I. F. M. Seed size, seed germination, and seedling survival of Brazilian tropical tree species differing in successional status. Biotropica, Gainesville, v. 33, n. 11, p. 447-457, 2001.
SOUZA, R. P.; VÁLIO, I. F. M. Seedling growth of fifteen Brazilian tropical tree species differing in successional status. Brazilian Journal of Botany, São Paulo, v. 26, n. 1, p. 35-47, 2003a.
SOUZA, R. P.; VÁLIO, I. F. M. Leaf optical properties as affected by shade in saplings of six tropical tree species differing in successional status. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, Campos dos Goytacazes, v. 15, n. 1, p. 49-54, 2003b.
VERA, G. Estado de la diversidad biológica de los árboles y bosques en el sur y sureste de México. Documentos de trabajo: recursos genéticos forestales. FGR/61S. Roma: Servicio de Desarrollo de Recursos Forestales FAO, 2003. 52 p.
VIVERO, J. L. et al. The red list of trees of Guatemala. Cambridge: Fauna & Flora International, 2006. 48 p.
WERKER, E. Seed dormancy as explained by the anatomy of embryo envelopes. Israel Journal of Botany, Bet-Dagan, v. 29, n. 1-4, p. 22-44, 1980.
BAGNATORI, A. L. et al. A revision of the genus Myroxylon (Leguminosae: Papilionoidea). Kew Bulletin, London, v. 70, n. 48, p. 1-12, 2015.
BASKIN, J. M.; BASKIN, C. C. A classification system for seed dormancy. Seed Science Research, Cambridge, v. 14, n. 1, p. 1-16, 2004.
BASKIN, J. M.; BASKIN, C. C.; LI, X. Taxonomy, anatomy and evolution of physical dormancy in seeds. Plant Species Biology, Sapporo, v. 15, n. 2, p. 139-152, 2000.
BERLYN, G. P.; CHO, J. Light, moisture, and nutrient use by plants. In: ASHTON, M.S; MONTAGNINI. (Eds.). The silvicultural basis for agroforestry systems. Florida: CRC, 1999. cap. 2, p. 9-39.
CARDILLO, E.; BERNAL, J. C. Morphological response and growth of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings at shade levels. Forest Ecology and Management, New South Wales, v. 222, n. 1-3, p. 296-301, 2006.
CARVALHO, L. R.; SILVA, E. A.; DAVIDE, A. C. Classificação de sementes florestais quanto ao comportamento no armazenamento. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, Londrina, v. 28, n. 2, p. 15-25, 2006.
CHAZDON, R. L.; FETCHER, N. Photosynthetic light environments in a lowland tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology, London, v. 72, n. 2, p. 553-554, 1984.
CUSTÓDIO, D. L.; VEIGA-JUNIOR, V. F. True and common balsams. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, Curitiba, v. 22, n. 6, p. 1372-1383, 2012.
DA SILVA, T. D. et al. Potential of medicinal plants from the Brazilian semi-arid region (Caatinga) against Staphylococcus epidermidis planktonic and biofilm lifestyles. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Pretoria, v. 137, n. 1, p. 327-335, 2011.
FIGLIOLIA, M. B.; AGUIAR, I. B.; DA SILVA, A. Germinação de sementes de Lafoensia glyptocarpa Koehne (mirindiba-rosa), Myroxylon peruiferum L. f. (cabreúva-vermelha) e Cedrela fissilis Vell. (cedro-rosa). Revista do Instituto Florestal, São Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, p. 49-58, 2006.
FINCH-SAVAGE, W. E.; LEUBNER-METZGER, G. Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phythologist, Lancaster, v. 171, n. 3, p. 501-523, 2006.
GACHET, M. et al. Assessment of anti-protozoal activity of plants traditionally used in Ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Graz, v. 128, n. 1, p. 184-197, 2010.
GRATANI, L.; COVONE, F.; LARCHER, W. Leaf plasticity in response to light of three evergreen species of the Mediterranean maquis. Trees, Vancouver, v. 20, n. 5, p. 549–558, 2006.
HAASE, D. L. Morphological and physiological evaluations of seedling quality. In: RILEY, L. E.; DUMROESE, R. K.; LANDIS, T. D. (Eds.). National Proceeding: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations. Fort Collins: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2006. p. 3-8.
HONG, T. D.; LININGTON, S.; ELLIS, R. H. Seed storage behaviour: a compendium. Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 1996, 103 p.
HOOPER, E.; CONDIT, R.; LEGENDRE, P. Responses of 20 native tree species to reforestation strategies for abandoned farmland in Panama. Ecological Applications, Washington, v. 12, n. 6, p. 1626-1641, 2002.
INTERNATIONAL LEGUME DATABASE AND INFORMATION SERVICE - ILDIS. Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms. Available on: <http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb>. Acess in: 01 feb. 2013.
JIMÉNEZ, Q. Árboles Maderables en Peligro de Extinción en Costa Rica. 2. ed. Santo Domingo de Heredia: INCAFO, 1999. 187 p.
LACERDA, D. R. et al. Seed-dormancy variation in natural population of two tropical leguminous tree species: Senna multijuga (Caesalpinoideae) and Plathymenia reticulate (Mimosoideae). Seed Science Research, Cambridge, v. 14, n. 2, p. 127-135, 2004.
LAMBERS, H.; CHAPIN, F. S.; PONDS, T. L. Plant physiological ecology. 2. ed. New York: Springer Science + Business Media LLC.N.Y, 2008, 571 p.
MAEGLIN, R. R. Forest products from Latin America: an almanac of the state of the knowledge and the state of the art. Madison: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1991, 151 p.
NEYA, O.; HOEKSTRA, F.; GOLIVINA, E. Mechanism of endocarp-imposed constraints of germination of Lannea microcarpa seeds. Seed Science Research, Cambridge, v. 18, n. 1, p. 13-24, 2008.
OSUNKOYA, O. et al. Influence of seed size and seedling ecological attributes on shade-tolerant of rain-forest tree species in Northern Queensland. Journal of Ecology, London, v. 82, n. 1, p. 149–163, 1994.
PENNINGTON, T.; SARUKHÁN, J. Árboles Tropicales de México: Manual para la Identificación de las Principales Especies. 3. ed. México: UNAM y Fondo De Cultura Económica, 2005. 523 p.
PIGLIUCCI, M.; MURREN, C. J; SCHLICHTING, C. D. Phenotypic plasticity and evolution by genetic assimilation. The Journal of Experimental Biology, Bern, v. 209, n. 12, p. 2362-2367, 2006.
POPMA, J.; BONGERS, F. The effect of canopy gaps on growth and morphology of seedlings of rain forest species. Oecology, Berlin, v. 75, n. 4, p. 625-632, 1988.
POPMA, J.; BONGERS, F.; WERGER, M. J. A. Gap-dependence and leaf characteristics of trees in a tropical lowland rain forest in Mexico. Oikos, Copenhagen, v. 63, n. 2, p. 207-214, 1992.
ROBLES, G. R.; OLIVEIRA, K.; VILLALOBOS, R. Evaluación de los productos forestales no madereros en América Central. Roma: FAO, 2000. 96 p.
ROCKWELL, C. et al. Future crop tree damage in a certified community forest in southwestern Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management, New South Wales, v. 242, n. 2-3, p. 108-118, 2007.
ROZENDAAL, D. M. A.; HURTADO, V. H.; POORTER, L. Plasticity in leaf traits of 38 tropical tree species in response to light; relationships with light demand and adult stature. Functional Ecology, London, v. 20, n. 2, p. 207-216, 2006.
SOUZA, R. P.; VÁLIO, I. F. M. Seed size, seed germination, and seedling survival of Brazilian tropical tree species differing in successional status. Biotropica, Gainesville, v. 33, n. 11, p. 447-457, 2001.
SOUZA, R. P.; VÁLIO, I. F. M. Seedling growth of fifteen Brazilian tropical tree species differing in successional status. Brazilian Journal of Botany, São Paulo, v. 26, n. 1, p. 35-47, 2003a.
SOUZA, R. P.; VÁLIO, I. F. M. Leaf optical properties as affected by shade in saplings of six tropical tree species differing in successional status. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, Campos dos Goytacazes, v. 15, n. 1, p. 49-54, 2003b.
VERA, G. Estado de la diversidad biológica de los árboles y bosques en el sur y sureste de México. Documentos de trabajo: recursos genéticos forestales. FGR/61S. Roma: Servicio de Desarrollo de Recursos Forestales FAO, 2003. 52 p.
VIVERO, J. L. et al. The red list of trees of Guatemala. Cambridge: Fauna & Flora International, 2006. 48 p.
WERKER, E. Seed dormancy as explained by the anatomy of embryo envelopes. Israel Journal of Botany, Bet-Dagan, v. 29, n. 1-4, p. 22-44, 1980.
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